The Private Cost of Public Queues for Medically Necessary Care, 2018 finds that Canada’s long wait times for medically necessary treatments cost Canadians $1.9 billion—or $1,822 per patient—in lost wages and time last year. Including the value of lost time outside the traditional work week—evenings and weekends—the estimated cost of waiting jumps to $5.8 billion.

The Cost of Pipeline Constraints in Canada finds that this year, the Canadian energy sector will lose $15.8 billion in foregone revenues as a result of a shortage of pipeline capacity in Canada, which drives down the price of Canadian oil because of an overdependence on the U.S. market and an increased reliance on oil-by-rail—a more costly (and less safe) mode of transport.

Is the Canada Health Act a Barrier to Reform? finds that the provinces are discouraged from implementing proven health-care reforms that would improve the system and shorten wait times because of the Canada Health Act, which not only sets the rules around cash transfers from Ottawa to the provinces for health care, but also allows the federal government to withhold funds from any province deemed in violation of the Act.